The formulation, implementation, and development of environmental policy: historical context, contemporary challenges, prospects for sustainable development, and the role of civil society, education, and universities

Abstract

The relevance of the study is driven by the urgent need to explore the transformative role of civil society and universities and higher education institutions in educational and environmental policy-making within the framework of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). The article traces the historical evolution of environmental law from early societies to modern times, highlighting landmark milestones such as the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 and the Stockholm Declaration of 1972. Particular attention is paid to mechanisms of civil society and universities influence (advocacy, lobbying, and public mobilization) and the growing contribution of universities through curriculum development, interdisciplinary approaches, experiential learning, student-led sustainability projects, and university-city partnerships.